As the United States morphs into a failed
state, one unwilling and soon perhaps, unable, to provide for the common
good even as it hands over trillions of dollars to a gang of financial
brigands engorged like parasitic ticks on the wealth of others, keeping
the lid on is more than just an imperial obsession: it's big business.
Earlier this month,
New Scientist reported
that "a new way of working out where you are by looking at your
internet connection could pin down your current location to within a few
hundred metres."
Although similar techniques are already in use, they are not very
accurate in terms of closing the surveillance trap. "Every computer
connected to the web has an internet protocol (IP) address, but there is
no simple way to map this to a physical location," reporter Jacob Aron
informs us. "The current best system can be out by as much as 35
kilometres."
However, Yong Wang, "a computer scientist at the University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China in Chengdu, and colleagues at
Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, have used businesses and
universities as landmarks to achieve much higher accuracy."
According to New Scientist,
"Wang's team used Google Maps to find both the web and physical
addresses of such organisations, providing them with around 76,000
landmarks. By comparison, most other geolocation methods only use a few
hundred landmarks specifically set up for the purpose."
With geolocation tracking devices embedded in smartphones (and, as
we'll see below, this data is stored without their users' consent), all
of which is happily turned over to authorities by telecoms (for the
right price, of course!), as privacy researcher Christopher Soghoian
revealed in
2009, it becomes abundantly clear that sooner than most people think
they'll be no escaping Big Brother's electronic dragnet.
"The new method," Aron writes, "zooms in through three stages to
locate a target computer." First, the team of public-private financed
research snoops measured "the time it takes to send a data packet to the
target and converts it into a distance--a common geolocation technique
that narrows the target's possible location to a radius of around 200
kilometres."
Wang and his cohorts then "send data packets to the known Google
Maps landmark servers in this large area to find which routers they pass
through." New Scientist reports
that when "a landmark machine and the target computer have shared a
router, the researchers can compare how long a packet takes to reach
each machine from the router; converted into an estimate of distance,
this time difference narrows the search down further."
"We shrink the size of the area where the target potentially is," Wang cheerfully explained.
"Finally,"
Aron writes, "they repeat the landmark search at this more fine-grained
level: comparing delay times once more, they establish which landmark
server is closest to the target."
"On average," we're told, "their method gets to within 690 metres of
the target and can be as close as 100 metres--good enough to identify
the target computer's location to within a few streets."
While New Scientist focused their attention on how an IP address tracking tool might be a boon to advert pimps, who else might find the method "useful in certain situations"?
Tightening the Surveillance Noose
Back in December,
The Wall Street Journal reported
that "few devices know more personal details about people than the
smartphones in their pockets: phone numbers, current location, often the
owner's real name--even a unique ID number that can never be changed or
turned off."
As part of the Journal's excellent
"What They Know" series,
reporters Scott Thurm and Yukari Iwatani Kane revealed that an
examination of more than 100 smartphone apps for Apple's iPhone and
Google's Android platforms "showed that 56 transmitted the phone's
unique device ID to other companies without users' awareness or
consent," 47 apps "transmitted the phone's location in some way," and
"five sent age, gender and other personal details to outsiders."
Like the New Scientist report above, the Journal focused
their investigative lens on "intrusive effort[s] by online-tracking
companies to gather personal data about people in order to flesh out
detailed dossiers on them."
Without a doubt, such data is already being collected by various
police intelligence agencies at the local, state and federal levels.
In
all likelihood, smartphone geolocation data has now been added to the
dossier creation mix, another component of the secret state's massive
national security index called "Main Core" by investigative journalists
Christopher Ketchum and
Tim Shorrock.
As Ketchum reported in his 2008 piece, three unnamed former
intelligence officials told him that "8 million Americans are now listed
in Main Core as potentially suspect" and, in the event of a national
emergency, "could be subject to everything from heightened surveillance
and tracking to direct questioning and even detention."
We've now learned that Apple's iPhone and iPad and Google's Android
smartphone platforms "constantly track users' physical location and
store the data in unencrypted files that can be read by anyone with
physical access to the device,"
The Register disclosed.
And with technological advances far-outstripping legal remedies to protect Americans' privacy as Soghoian
wrote last
week, and with Congress and the Obama administration further lowering
the boom, the notion that our personal communications are off-limits to
advertisers and government officials is as quaint as the concept that
financial institutions should be transparent when it comes to investing
our hard-earned dollars.
According to researchers Pete Warden and Alasdair Allen, who first reported their findings on the
iPhone Tracker blog,
the geolocation file is stored on both the iOS device and "any
computers that store backups of its data," and "can be used to
reconstruct a detailed snapshot of the user's comings and goings, down
to the second."
The researchers aver that despite Apple's refusal to even
acknowledged the existence of these files, or frankly what the firm does
with the data once its been downloaded to their servers, users of
iPhones and iPads are put at risk that their movements are available to
any and all comers with the requisite skills to access their
information.
"The most immediate problem is that this data is stored in an easily-readable form on your machine," Warden and Allen wrote.
"Any
other program you run or user with access to your machine can look
through it. By passively logging your location without your permission,
Apple have made it possible for anyone from a jealous spouse to a
private investigator to get a detailed picture of your movements."
Needless to say, such information would be a boon to police agencies
seeking to "terminate with extreme prejudice" the ability of protest
organizers to communicate with demonstrators, as happened during the G20
protests in Pittsburgh, as
Antifascist Calling reported in 2009.
Elliot Madison was arrested after he relayed a police order to
disperse message via Twitter to demonstrators during the protests. A
week later, his New York City home was raided by the FBI's Joint
Terrorism Task Force (!) which carted off his computers and cell phone
as "evidence." Madison and co-defendant Michael Wallschlaeger were
criminally charged with using computers, cell phones and a police
scanner to track the movements of "Pittsburgh's finest." Federal
prosecutors charged the activists with "hindering apprehension or
prosecution, criminal use of a communication facility, and possession of
instruments of crime."
While such repressive acts may have raised eyebrows two years ago,
they have now become part of the seamless panopticon spreading across
the "shining city on a hill" like an invisible swarm of privacy-killing
locusts.
Last week, in the wake of the smartphone tracking scandal,
CNET News reported
that "law enforcement agencies have known since at least last year that
an iPhone or iPad surreptitiously records its owner's approximate
location, and have used that geolocation data to aid criminal
investigations."
Security journalist Declan McCullagh revealed that although "Apple
has never publicized the undocumented feature buried deep within the
software that operates iPhones and iPads," the secretive Mountain View
firm acknowledged to Congress last year that "cell tower and Wi-Fi
access point information" is "intermittently" collected and "transmitted
to Apple" every 12 hours.
CNET reported that "phones running Google's Android OS also store
location information," according to Swedish programer Magnus Eriksson.
Another researcher told McCullagh that "'virtually all Android devices'
send some of those coordinates back to Google."
"Among computer forensics specialists," CNET avers, "those location
logs--which record nearby cell tower coordinates and time stamps and
cannot easily be disabled by someone who wants to use location
services--are not merely an open secret. They've become a valuable sales
pitch when targeting customers in police, military, and intelligence
agencies."
In other words, enterprising grifters from niche security firms
servicing the secret state--or anyone willing to pay for their unique
services, say a dodgy employer, a jealous spouse or a sociopathic freak
for that matter--can take advantage of a smartphone's embedded location
files.
CNET reported that the "U.K-based company Forensic
Telecommunications Services advertises its iXAM product as able to
'extract GPS location fixes' from an iPhone 3GS including 'latitude,
longitude, altitude and time'."
"Its literature boasts," McCullagh writes, that "'these are
confirmed fixes--they prove that the device was definitely in that
location at that time'."
"Another mobile forensics company,
Cellebrite," CNET avers, even "brags that its products can pluck out
geographical locations derived from both 'Wi-Fi and cell tower' signals,
and a third lists Android devices as able to yield 'historical location
data' too."
Just last week,
The Tech Herald disclosed
that the Michigan State Police have been using a handheld device and
"secretly extracting information from cell phones during traffic stops,"
and have refused to release information on this program to the ACLU.
The Tech Herald reports
that for "nearly three years, the ACLU has attempted to get the Michigan
State Police (MSP) to answer questions over their use of Cellebrite's
UFED Physical Pro scanner."
"The handheld device allows police to extract data from phones and
SIM memory," journalist Steve Ragan writes, and that "in addition to the
normal information, such as contact lists, email, and text messages,
the UFED is also able to recover hidden and deleted data."
Manufactured by security outfit
Cellebrite,
the company boasts that their "mobile forensics products enable
extraction and analysis of invaluable evidentiary data including deleted
and hidden data for military, law enforcement, governments, and
intelligence agencies across the world," according to a blurb on their
web site.
The ACLU
charges that
the device is routinely used during traffic stops and that state
troopers were able to access the mobile devices without their users
being aware their data was being grabbed.
In their letter to the MSP, the ACLU cautioned that "The Fourth
Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches. With certain
exceptions that do not apply here," the civil liberties watchdogs
averred, "a search cannot occur without a warrant in which a judicial
officer determines that there is probable cause to believe that the
search will yield evidence of criminal activity."
"A device that allows immediate, surreptitious intrusion into
private data creates enormous risks that troopers will ignore these
requirements to the detriment of the constitutional rights of persons
whose cell phones are searched."
Sounds reasonable, right? The MSP responded by demanding the ACLU
fork over $544,680 before they'd even consider releasing these public documents!
But as Cryptohippie reported in their excellent study,
The Electronic Police State,
"two crucial facts about the information gathered under an electronic
police state are these: 1. It is criminal evidence, ready for use in a
trial. 2. It is gathered universally ('preventively') and only later
organized for use in prosecutions."
"In an Electronic Police State," researchers averred, "every
surveillance camera recording, every email sent, every Internet site
surfed, every post made, every check written, every credit card swipe,
every cell phone ping... are all criminal evidence, and all are held in searchable databases. The individual can be prosecuted whenever the government wishes."
Called a "Universal Forensic Extraction Device," Cellebrite claims
their "UFED family of products is able to extract and analyze data from
more than 3000 phones, including smartphones and GPS devices."
According to the firm, such tools will prove invaluable to secret
state snoops. "Diving deeper into a mobile phone's memory than ever
before provides them with the ability to gather data and establish
connections between networks and people that is quicker and easier to
arrive at."
The secret-spilling web site
Cryptome has generously provided us with with Cellebrite's
Smartphone PDA Spy Guide.
Amongst other things, we're told that the firm's "UFED Forensics system
empowers law enforcement, anti-terror and security organizations to
capture critical forensic evidence from mobile phones, Smartphones and
PDAs."
"UFED," we're informed, "extracts vital data such as phonebook,
camera pictures, videos, audio, text messages (SMS), call logs, ESN
IMEI, ICCID and IMSI information from over 1,600 handset models,
including Symbian, Microsoft Mobile, Blackberry and Palm OS devices."
Think you've erased those messy call logs or text messages to your
girl- or boyfriend? Better think again! With Cellebrite on the job, "the
UFED can extract data from a phone, or directly from the SIM card. When
extracting from phone, the UFED connects to the phone via cable,
Bluetooth or infrared, and the data is read logically from the phone. It
also performs a physical extraction from SIM cards, allowing extraction
of additional data such as deleted SMS, ICCID, IMSI, location
information and more."
We're told that the company's UFED "helps intelligence agencies
widen their view and form a complete picture with access to content that
can be repurposed, analyzed, and linked to information existing in
databases," Main Core, or a similar national security index, perhaps?
"For us, people look like little particles..."
While
digital technologies advance by leaps and bounds, the Empire's
political-economic requirements are determining how new devices will be
used, who has access to the data points and, once our personal details
are extracted--by corporations or shadowy intel outfits (public and
private) who do their bidding--what happens to it once it's been stored
in giant data farms.
The Wall Street Journal reported
that Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers are conducting a
study that "has tracked 60 families living in campus quarters via
sensors and software on their smartphones--recording their movements,
relationships, moods, health, calling habits and spending."
"In this wealth of intimate detail," reporter Robert Lee Hotz
writes, MIT researcher Alex Pentland "is finding patterns of human
behavior that could reveal how millions of people interact at home, work
and play."
According to preliminary findings, "the data can predict with
uncanny accuracy where people are likely to be at any given time in the
future," and the data "can reveal subtle symptoms of mental illness,
foretell movements in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and chart the
spread of political ideas as they move through a community much like a
contagious virus, research shows."
"Advances in statistics, psychology and the science of social
networks are giving researchers the tools to find patterns of human
dynamics too subtle to detect by other means," the Journal reports.
At Northeastern University in Boston for example, "network
physicists discovered just how predictable people could be by studying
the travel routines of 100,000 European mobile-phone users."
"After
analyzing more than 16 million records of call date, time and
position," Hotz reports, "the researchers determined that, taken
together, people's movements appeared to follow a mathematical pattern,"
and that given enough information about past movements, scientists
averred "they could forecast someone's future whereabouts with 93.6%
accuracy."
Chillingly, Northeastern physicist Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, who conducted the study, told the Journal:
"For us, people look like little particles that move in space and that
occasionally communicate with each other. We have turned society into a
laboratory where behavior can be objectively followed."
Ruthless "objectivity" such as this have real world consequences,
not that it matters to those whose butter their bread by bludgeoning our
privacy and cratering our political rights.
"As a reward when the [MIT] experiment was done," the Journal laconically observed, "the students were allowed to keep the smartphones used to monitor them."
